{"id":2939,"date":"2025-03-11T06:30:50","date_gmt":"2025-03-11T11:30:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/?p=2939"},"modified":"2025-03-11T06:30:50","modified_gmt":"2025-03-11T11:30:50","slug":"how-does-work-wind-turbine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/how-does-work-wind-turbine\/","title":{"rendered":"How does a wind turbine work? Five questions &#8211; Five answers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong><span class=\"TextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\">Wind turbines are a key pillar for the sustainable energy supply of the future &#8211; as a <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\">relatively reliable<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\"> source of base load for the electricity grid because the wind blows constantly on the high seas, for example. But how exactly do wind turbines work, why do so-called azimuth gearboxes play <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\">an important role<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\"> and what characterizes their production? We <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\">provide<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\"> some <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\">initial<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW7737884 BCX0\"> answers here.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW7737884 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><!--more-->1. How does the basic principle work?<\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">It is widely known that wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electricity: By using the rotors, the air movement is turned into mechanical rotational energy, which can then be converted into electrical energy using a generator. In detail, this means:<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The rotor blades of modern turbines work according to the principle of aerodynamic lift, similar to airplanes: the airflow is guided along both sides of the blade. This creates a faster air movement on the curved upper side than on the straight underside. The resulting negative pressure generates a force on the upper side that sets the rotor in motion.\u00a0 <\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The gearbox inside the turbine has the task of significantly increasing the motor speeds of the rotor shaft. In the end, the electricity-generating unit turns 500 to 1,800 times per minute &#8211; while the turbine&#8217;s rotors only turn 6 to 40 times per minute. Incidentally, modern wind turbines are often equipped with variable transmission systems that allow the transmission ratio to be adjusted depending on the operating conditions.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">There are also gearless concepts. Here, the electricity-generating generator is coupled directly to the hub of the turbine and turns just as slowly as the rotors.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:360,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Overall, as with any form of energy conversion, there are losses. In the case of wind turbines, therefore, no more than 59 percent of the kinetic power of the wind can be used, according to the German Wind Energy Association.\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:200,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_2944\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2944\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2944\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"Wind turbine with gearbox\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-585x391.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077-263x175.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_AdobeStock_39092077.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2944\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">View of the gearbox of a wind turbine.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>2. What role do the so-called azimuth drives and gears play?<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_2942\" style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2942\" class=\"wp-image-2942\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_366x781px_WindPower_Azimuth-drive-e1740575539914.jpg\" alt=\"The azimuth drive is located at the transition between the tower and nacelle of a wind turbine and contains the gearbox for the horizontal rotation of the nacelle.\" width=\"250\" height=\"495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_366x781px_WindPower_Azimuth-drive-e1740575539914.jpg 364w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_366x781px_WindPower_Azimuth-drive-e1740575539914-151x300.jpg 151w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2942\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/industries-solutions\/workpieces\/azimuth-drive\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The 250 kg azimuth drive enables the wind turbine to be precisely aligned for optimum energy generation.<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">The question of how wind turbines manage to work particularly efficiently in the first place is particularly interesting &#8211; at this point it is worth taking a look at what is known as wind tracking. The basic approach is simple: the alignment of the turbine with its rotor blades must be oriented to the wind so that its kinetic energy can be optimally utilized. Today, active systems with azimuth gears are usually used for this purpose. The word comes from Arabic and originally describes a coordinate used in astronomy to determine the position of a celestial body. In wind power, &#8220;azimuth&#8221; refers to the entire system for tracking the nacelle &#8211; including the azimuth bearing, azimuth drive, azimuth control and azimuth gearbox. Strictly speaking, the latter is a planetary gearbox with three or four stages that are driven by an electric motor. It is not uncommon for several of these drives to be used in order to be able to adjust the large and extremely heavy nacelle along a very large gear ring inside.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>3. And how are the rotor blades aligned?<\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">For the wind turbine to operate efficiently in every respect, it is not enough to simply adjust the main alignment of the nacelle &#8211; the rotor blades themselves should also ideally align their position with the wind. So-called pitch gears are used for this purpose. They are located at the interfaces between the rotor blade and the rotor head, whereby very small adjustment movements are carried out regularly. This means that the whole thing is subject to very high stresses, which in turn puts the focus on the gearing quality of the components. High material strength and high-precision dimensions are essential.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2945\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2945\" class=\"wp-image-2945\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"Rotor blade\" width=\"500\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-585x391.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade-263x175.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_TransportRotorBlade.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2945\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transporting a rotor blade: the huge component is adjusted using a pitch gear.<\/p><\/div>\n<pre><span class=\"TextRun SCXW16049904 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16049904 BCX0\">Source: Gerbil, CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestRefresh CommentHighlightRest SCXW16049904 BCX0\"> Commons <\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP CommentHighlightPipeRestRefresh SCXW16049904 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>4. Who invented it?<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"TextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\">Historians are not sure how long windmills have been around. Some historical writings suggest that the first windmills were in operation more than 4,000 years ago. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of windmills in ancient times, for example among the Romans. Persian windmills appear in the 9th century and the technology with a horizontal rotor axis has existed in Flanders, south-east <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\">England<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\"> and Normandy since the end of the 12th century. Interestingly, these are mostly so-called trestle windmills &#8211; named after the base frame (&#8220;trestle&#8221;) on which the mill house is <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\">located<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\">. This means that the entire mill can be turned by hand so that the wind always comes from the front. From the middle of the 18th century, the first models with so-called wing rosettes appeared, with the help of which the mill aligned itself in the wind<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW21062602 BCX0\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW21062602 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2943\" style=\"width: 360px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2943\" class=\"wp-image-2943\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_520x781px_WindPower_Beginnings.jpg\" alt=\"Historical wind power\" width=\"350\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_520x781px_WindPower_Beginnings.jpg 520w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_520x781px_WindPower_Beginnings-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2943\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The beginnings: The first plants for generating electricity were built at the end of the 1880s.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW194731609 BCX0\">Source: By Anonymus - (1890-12-20). \"Mr. Brush's Windmill Dynamo\". Scientific American 63: p. 54., public domain, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=41946<\/span><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>5. What does all this mean for production?<\/h3>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Without gearbox systems, there would be no modern wind turbines &#8211; they are indispensable for transmitting the rotor movement to the generator, for aligning the entire turbine using the azimuth system and for adjusting the blades. These systems have to run trouble-free for decades, while the salty air from offshore turbines at sea, for example, attacks their materials. It is important to note that a single azimuth drive weighs around 250 kilograms, which makes repairing or replacing it a costly affair. As a result, manufacturers and the upstream mechanical engineering sector are challenged: The machining quality of housings, planetary carriers and ring gears must meet the highest standards. Technologies such as turning, milling and drilling are used &#8211; ideally in multi-functional machines so that handling the very heavy components is as straightforward as possible.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2941\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2941\" class=\"size-large wp-image-2941\" src=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"A large flange-shaped workpiece is manufactured fully automatically on an EMAG machine.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-585x391.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea-263x175.jpg 263w, https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_1170x781px_WindPower_Workarea.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2941\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Multi-technology machining of a ring gear: turning, milling and drilling in a single setup<\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #004d96\"><a style=\"color: #004d96\" href=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/industries-solutions\/workpieces\/azimuth-drive\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW52640372 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52640372 BCX0\">You can find more information on manufacturing solutions for azimuth drives here<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW52640372 BCX0\">.<\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"EOP SCXW52640372 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Wind turbines play a crucial role in our electricity generation. How do they work and what role does the azimuth gearbox play?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2947,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"","editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2656,2613],"tags":[2654,2655,2652,2653],"class_list":["post-2939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured","category-how-does-it-work","tag-azimuth-gearbox","tag-pitch-gearbox","tag-wind-power","tag-wind-turbine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How does a wind turbine work?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Wind turbines play a crucial role in our electricity generation. 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How do they work and what role does the azimuth gearbox play?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/how-does-work-wind-turbine\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"EMAG Group - Company Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-03-11T11:30:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/02\/Blog_Header_WindPower__1170x781px_en.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1170\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"781\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Oliver Hagenlocher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Oliver Hagenlocher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/how-does-work-wind-turbine\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/how-does-work-wind-turbine\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Oliver Hagenlocher\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.emag.com\/blog\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/9ae8c8fc62dc80b80a172bf9b201adb6\"},\"headline\":\"How does a wind turbine work? 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